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[iii] Antoine Métral, Histoire de l’expédition des Français à Saint Domingue, sous le consulat Bonaparte, 1825. Toussaint Louverture, a black former slave who had been recognized as Governor by France, re-established peace, fought off Spanish and British attempts to capture the island, and reestabl… In July 1801, L'Ouverture promulgated a new constitution for the colony that appointed himself governor for life, while simultaneously reaffirming the colony's position as "part of the French empire. Leclerc died of yellow fever during the failed expedition. Leclerc started his military career in 1791 during the French Revolution as one of the army volunteers of Seine-et-Oise and passed through the ranks of sous-lieutenant in the 12th Cavalry, then aide-de-camp to general Lapoype. He then passed from that post to being commander-in-chief of an army corps that Napoleon meant to send to Portugal to force it to renounce its alliance with England, though that expedition never took place. Charles Victoire Emmanuel Leclerc (17 March 1772 – 2 November 1802) was a French Army general who served under Napoleon Bonaparte during the French Revolution. L'expédition de Saint-Domingue débutant en décembre 1801 et s'achevant en novembre 1803, est décidée par le Premier Consul Bonaparte qui, sous l'influence des milieux d'affaires et du lobby colonial dont font partie le Deuxième Consul Cambacérès, ex-avocat des planteurs, le conseiller d'État pour les affaires coloniales, Barbé-Marbois ou encore le planteur Malouet, envoie un corps expéditionnaire dans la colonie de Saint-Domingue. General Christophe sets fire to Le Cap, burning it to the ground in anticipation of the European troops’ arrival. Leclerc was promoted to general after duty in Napoleon’s Italian campaign. Omissions? J’espére, monsieur le président que la mort du Général en chef Leclerc, ne diminuera point, votre bienveillance pour la Colonie de Saint Domingue. Henry Mézière, Le Général Leclerc et l'expédition de Saint-Domingue (Paris: Tallandier, 1990). It was in this campaign that he met Napoleon Bonaparte, who developed a great affection for him; Leclerc would serve Napoleon faithfully for the rest of his life. In November 1802, Leclerc died of yellow fever, which had already decimated his invasion force. On the whole of this episode, see Lacroix, “Mémoire secret,” p. 41, written by a French general who served in the Leclerc expedition; A. J. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Leclerc set off from Brest in December 1801 and landed at Cap-Français in February 1802, with other warships and a total of 40,000 troops (including reinforcements, upwards to 80,000 troops were sent to Saint-Domingue during Leclerc's campaign), publicly repeating Bonaparte's promise that "all of the people of Saint-Domingue are French" and forever free. General Christophe. On 18 November 1803, François Capois defeated Rochambeau's forces in the Battle of Vertières. "[6] In the meantime, more black and mulatto army officers had defected, including Jean Jacques Dessalines, Alexandre Pétion and Henri Christophe. Il est en 1802, capitaine général de lexpédition de Saint-Domingue, forte de 35 000 militaires mais défaite en 1803, lors de lindépendance d'Haïti. Pauline Bonaparte was at this time receiving a large number of suitors, thus pressing her brother Napoleon Bonaparte to have her married off. Those troops, along with the black and Creole population of the colony, rose up in response to news that slavery had been reestablished on Guadeloupe. Around 3m high, the statue is on a square stone pedestal inscribed with information on him in gold majuscule letters. He was next noted for his participation in the Rhine campaign and the battle of Hohenlinden, receiving the supreme command of the 17th, 18th and 19th military divisions. Toussaint would see some of his closest allies defect to join Leclerc during continuing battles, leading to L’ouverture’s eventual arrest. Dessalines proclaimed the independence of Haïti and its new name on 1 January 1804. Encyclopedia Britannica – Haitian Revolution. Pauline Bonaparte (20 October 1780 – 9 June 1825) was an Italian noblewoman, the first sovereign Duchess of Guastalla in Italy, an imperial French princess and the princess consort of Sulmona and Rossano. He became chef d'état-major to generals Berthier and Brune and served in the second unsuccessful French Army military expedition to Ireland led by Jean Joseph Amable Humbert in 1798. After the island was subdued, their next destination was New Orleans. A statue at Pontoise shows him in Napoleonic uniform, his scabbard touching the earth. The French General Leclerc, send to Saint-Domingue on the orders of his brother in-law Napoléon Bonaparte to re-establish slavery and to defeat Toussaint Louverture, addressed the people of the colony in this proclamation from his headquarters in the North of Saint-Domingue.He does not mention the true ambitions of his campaign against the Revolutionary forces. However, Napoleon had given secret instructions to Leclerc to arrest L'Ouverture, and so Leclerc seized L'Ouverture – during a meeting – for deportation to France, where he died while imprisoned at Fort-de-Joux in the Jura mountains in 1803. In 1801, he was sent to Saint-Domingue (Haiti), where an expeditionary force under his command captured and deported the Haitian leader Toussaint L'Ouverture, as part of an unsuccessful attempt to reassert imperial control over the Saint-Domingue government. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In 1801, he was sent to Saint-Domingue (Haiti), where an expeditionary force under his command captured and deported the Haitian leader Toussaint L'Ouverture, as part of an unsuccessful attempt to reassert imperial control over the Saint-Domingue government. Charles Victoire Emmanuel Leclerc, né à Pontoise, le 17 mars 1772 et mort le 2 novembre 1802 à lîle de la Tortue, près de Saint-Domingue, est un général français de la Révolution, époux de Pauline Bonaparte, la sœur de Napoléon Bonaparte. The Saint-Domingue Expedition under Leclerc and Louverture, February–November 1802. Leclerc joined the army in 1792 and distinguished himself at the siege of Toulon. We must destroy half of those in the plains and must not leave a single colored person in the colony who has worn an epaulette." The prominent rebel leader Toussaint L'Ouverture, himself a former slave, joined the French Republican side shortly afterwards. The captain general of the expedition, Lt. Gen. Victoire Leclerc, would then deport all leading officers of color. Avec le Traité de Bâle du 22 juillet 1795, l'Espagne cède sa colonie, la partie Est de l'… This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Leclerc, Napoleon Guide - Biography of Charles Leclerc, Fact Monster - People - Biography of Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc. After a brief period in which he incorporated many of L'Ouverture's officers into his own forces, Leclerc began suffering mass defections of troops over the latter half of 1802. Charles Leclerc, in full Charles-Victor-Emmanuel Leclerc, (born March 17, 1772, Pontoise, France—died Nov. 2, 1802, Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue), French general, brother-in-law of Napoleon, who attempted to suppress the Haitian revolt led by the former slave Toussaint Louverture. He was husband to Pauline Bonaparte, sister to Napoleon. The beautiful Pauline Bonaparte married general Charles Victoire Leclerc in 1797. Leclerc died of yellow feverdu… Spain and Great Britain sent troops to fight in order to profit from the conflict and perhaps win the rich colony of Saint-Domingue … General Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc (also Victoire-Emmanuel Leclerc, LeClerc or Le Clerc) (March 17, 1772 Pontoise - Val-d'Oise, France - November 1, 1802 La Tortue, Saint-Domingue) was Commander-in-Chief of the 1802 French expeditionary force sent to re-establish slavery in Saint-Domingue. Garde du général Leclerc (Saint-Domingue) メタデータ このファイルには、追加情報があります (おそらく、作成やデジタル化する際に使用したデジタルカメラやスキャナーが追加したものです)。 It was completed in May and Louverture signed it in July 1801. [iii] Lettres du général Leclerc, commandant en chef de l’armée de Saint Domingue en 1802, publiées par Paul Roussier en 1937. “The most devastating war in the entire history of Saint Domingue had now begun.” 6 February 1802. Under Bonaparte’s plan, the French fleet was to appear simultaneously in all major ports of Saint-Domingue, publicize its peaceful intentions, and disembark its troops, by force if necessary. Plusieurs lieutenants de Toussaint Louverture se sont ralliés ou soumis : en zone espagnole, Clervaux et Paul Louverture ; en zone […] Bonaparte announced intentions to reinstate slavery in neighboring Spanish Santo Domingo, which L'Ouverture had recently occupied. By October 1802, Leclerc wrote to Bonaparte advocating for a war of extermination, declaring that "We must destroy all the blacks of the mountains – men and women – and spare only children under 12 years of age. The French military expedition to Saint Domingue, commanded by General Leclerc, arrived in early 1802. Brown University, History of Haiti – General Leclerc in Saint-Domingue, 1801 – 1802. — 8 — Saint-Domingue pendant le commandement du général Leclerc, plus de 21.000 moururent de maladie et 7.000 environ périrent dans les combats 1. On Leclerc's return, he accepted Bonaparte's offer of Pauline's hand in marriage and they married in 1797, having one child, Dermide, and occupying the Château de Montgobert. He was husband to Pauline Bonaparte, sister to Napoleon. Leclerc’s mission was not only to pave the way for the reinstatement of slavery, which the French National Assembly had abolished in 1794, but to restore the authority Bonaparte felt Toussaint Louverture had usurped when he named himself governor-general of Saint-Domingue for life in 1801. This and Napoleon’s restoration of slavery on Guadeloupe touched off renewed fighting with the black rebels at a time when Leclerc’s army was decimated by a yellow fever epidemic. Leclerc was succeeded in command by General Rochambeau, whose brutal racial warfare drove more leaders back to the rebel armies. Encyclopedia Britannica – Toussaint Louverture. Charles Victoire Emmanuel Leclerc (17 March 1772 – 2 November 1802) was a French Army general who served under Napoleon Bonaparte during the French Revolution. In the meantime Leclerc's body had been transported to France by his widow and buried on one of his estates. During the Saint-Domingue Expedition L’ouverture defeated a French force of 31,000 (the force was led by General Charles Leclerc, Napoleon’s brother-in-law). Following the revolutionary success there, he campaigned along the Rhine. It adjoins the south side of city's cathedral. In August 1793, the French Republican commissioner Léger-Félicité Sonthonax officially abolished slavery on Saint-Domingue, as part of an effort to recruit rebel slaves to the side of the new French Republic. Charles Malenfant, Des colonies, et particulièrement de celle de Saint-Domingue … "[1], Upon receiving the news in October 1801, Napoleon interpreted L'Ouverture's new constitution as an unacceptable offense to French imperial authority, and subsequently appointed Leclerc commander of a military expedition to reconquer Saint-Domingue. Significant civil and political events by year, Philippe R. Girard, "Liberte, Egalite, Esclavage : French Revolutionary Ideals and the Failure of the Leclerc Expedition to Saint-Domingue,", second unsuccessful French Army military expedition to Ireland, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)&oldid=992471808, Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Girard, Philippe R. "Liberte, Egalite, Esclavage : French Revolutionary Ideals and the Failure of the Leclerc Expedition to Saint-Domingue,", This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 12:58. General Leclerc was unsuccessful, although he did capture Toussaint Louverture. Girard, Philippe R. – The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence (2011) In addition to the Haitian and French armies, who else fought in the Haitian Revolution, and why? The prospect of a similar restoration on Saint-Domingue swung the tide inexorably against French hopes for reimposing control, as Leclerc began executing suspected conspirators en masse. Leclerc himself succumbed in November, and the blacks then resumed the offensive under Christophe and Dessalines. After the signing of a peace treaty at Amiens between France and England (October 18, 1801), a more confident Bonaparte sent two expeditionary forces: one to Saint-Domingue under the orders of the General Charles Leclerc, his brother-in-law, and Pauline’s husband and the other to Guadeloupe under the orders of Antoine Richepanse. In 1791, black slaves in the Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue had risen up against their French owners in the Haitian Revolution, which was contemporaneous with the French Revolution. In that letter to Bonaparte, Leclerc also lamented his assignment, declaring "My soul is withered, and no joyful thought can ever make forget these hideous scenes. He was then charged with announcing to the French Directory the signature of the peace preliminaries at Leoben. Saint-Domingue pendant le commandement du général Leclerc, plus de 21.000 moururent de maladie et 7.000 environ périrent dans les combats 1. By 1801, L'Ouverture had consolidated his rule over the entire island of Hispaniola, including the colony of Saint-Domingue. L'Ouverture's harsh discipline had made him numerous enemies and Leclerc played off the ambitions of L'Ouverture's younger key officers and competitors against each other, promising that they would maintain their ranks in the French Army and thus bringing them to abandon L'Ouverture. Leclerc enters Le Cap, which is now completely destroyed. Annexe IV Compléments et témoignages pour servir aux biographies du général Leclerc et de Pauline Bonaparte. In 1799 Leclerc played a decisive role in the coup that brought Napoleon to power. The relationship was further strengthened by Leclerc’s marriage (1797) to Napoleon’s sister Pauline Bonaparte. The main squadrons from Brest, Lorient, and Rochefort set sail in December 1801; others followed suit in January 1802.Victoire Leclerc and the bulk of his forces sailed on the Brest squadron, which was commanded by Admiral Louis-Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse. On Bonaparte's return from the Egyptian expedition in 1798, he made Leclerc a général de division and sent him to the armée du Rhin under Moreau. After Christophe massacred several hundred Polish soldiers at Port-de-Paix following his defection, Leclerc ordered the arrest of all remaining black colonial troops in Le Cap, and executed 1000 of them by tying sacks of flour to their neck and pushing them off the side of ships.[7]. By treachery, Leclerc captured Toussaint and sent him to France. The last battle of the Saint-Domingue revolution was fought on November 18, 1803, between rebels led by Dessalines and the decimated French forces commanded by Leclerc’s successor, Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, Vicomte de Rochambeau. The French surrendered in November 1803. Corrections? [2][3] In his initial instructions, Bonaparte directed Leclerc to disarm L'Ouverture's black-controlled government and deport his military officers to France, while publicly maintaining the abolition of slavery in Saint-Domingue. His wife Pauline returned to Europe, where she later married the Italian nobleman Camillo Borghese. L’entrée en campagne Douze jours après le premier débarquement effectué à Fort-Liberté, Leclerc est maître de tous les ports de Saint-Domingue, à l'exception de Santo Domingo assiégé et de Saint-Marc où Dessalines s'est retiré. After proving his abilities as a general both in the Egyptian campaign and in Germany (1800), Leclerc was sent by Napoleon to subdue the rebellion in Haiti, at that time known as Saint-Domingue. Updates? He was made a captain and divisional chief of staff during the siege of Toulon, at which he first allied himself to Napoleon Bonaparte. General Leclerc in Saint-Domingue 1801–1802 24-31 Oct 1801 Leclerc sails from France for Saint-Domingue. In order to satisfy them Napoléon decided to re-establish slavery over the blacks and discrimination against the mulattos. Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps. It was put up by marshal Davout and his second wife Louise-Aimée-Julie (Leclerc's sister) at the top of a staircase built in 1869 by François Lemot. He is Commander-in-Chief of France’s largest expeditionary army ever with 20,000 European troops, who are called “the elite of the French army.” Rochambeau is named second in command. In February 1801, Louverture had called an assembly to create a constitution for Saint-Domingue. Instead, he directed his brother-in-law, General Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc, to head to Saint-Domingue to crush what he perceived as Louverture’s usurpation of his authority. Navigate parenthood with the help of the Raising Curious Learners podcast. Leclerc started his military career in 1791 during the French Revolution as one of the army volunteers of Seine-et-Oise and passed through the ranks of sous-lieutenant in the 12th Cavalry, then aide-de-camp to general Lapoype. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Despite his superiors' warnings, Leclerc did not consolidate his victory by disarming L'Ouverture's old officers. Leclerc, accompanied by 23,000 French troops, landed in Haiti in 1802 and soon took possession of most of the island and made peace with the rebel leaders Henry Christophe, Toussaint Louverture, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines. There is also a statue of him by Jean Guillaume Moitte in the Pantheon de Paris. Le Général Rochambeau est appelé par le gouvernement français, au Commandement de cette armée, je l’attends d’un moment à l’autre, il était au port-au-prince. In 1801, the couple sailed with their infant son Dermide to Saint-Domingue. Leclerc was Napoléon Bonaparte's brother-in-law (married to Napoleon's favorite sister … He was made a captain and divisional chief of staff during the siege of Toulon, at whic… He began serving under Napoleon Bonaparte in the Alpine and Italian campaigns, fighting at Castiglione della Pescaia and Rivoli and rising to général de brigade in 1797. Charles Leclerc, in full Charles-Victor-Emmanuel Leclerc, (born March 17, 1772, Pontoise, France—died Nov. 2, 1802, Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue), French general, brother-in-law of Napoleon, who attempted to suppress the Haitian revolt led by the former slave Toussaint Louverture.. Leclerc joined the army in 1792 and distinguished himself at the siege of Toulon. The French won several victories and regained control in three months after severe fighting, with L'Ouverture forced to negotiate an honorable surrender and to retire to tend his plantations under house arrest.

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