le collège électoral usa

"[5] State legislation is sufficient to use this method. U.S. territories (both modern-day territories like Puerto Rico and historical territories like the Dakota Territory) have never been entitled to any electors in the Electoral College. Dans tous les États, les électeurs choisissent parmi plusieurs listes de candidats au collège électoral. The meeting is opened by the election certification official – often that state's secretary of state or equivalent — who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment. (Hamilton. The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections, called the Election Day. The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals. This encourages candidates there to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups. [153], The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates. In the general ticket, the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector, a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill. [7] This is because the number of electors each state appoints is equal to the size of its congressional delegation; each state is entitled to at least 3 regardless of population, and the apportionment of the statutorily fixed number of the rest is only roughly proportional. Ces grands électeurs se réunissent ensuite dans la capitale de leur État respectif pour élire le président et le vice-président ; mis à part en de très rares occasions, ils votent en faveur de la paire de candidats pour laquelle ils ont été élus. In that instance, the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud. However, Congress may remove this disqualification by a two-thirds vote in each House. In addition, faithless electors may not vote in accord with their pledge. The number of representatives is determined by state population," and as slavery was abolished with the help of Electoral College-elected Abraham Lincoln with a minority of the popular vote, the Electoral College no longer can be viewed as promoting slavery in the 21st century. Since 1880, electors in every state have been chosen based on a popular election held on Election Day. Applied Business; Electoral college, the system by which the president and vice president of the United States are chosen. En 1796, le vainqueur de l'élection fut John Adams, membre du Parti fédéraliste ; le candidat ayant reçu le plus de voix après lui (et donc le nouveau vice-président) était Thomas Jefferson, membre du Parti républicain-démocrate et de l'opposition. Les deux tiers des sénateurs doivent être présents. [79] Delegates Oliver Ellsworth and Roger Sherman of Connecticut, a state which had adopted a gradual emancipation law three years earlier, also criticized a national popular vote. Instead citizens voted for their local elector, whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president. Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009, for example, more than 90% were won by candidates securing more than 50% of the vote, and none have been won with less than 35% of the vote.[197]. De façon générale, les électeurs infidèles agissent seuls. Relevant portions of the certificate of vote are read for each state, in alphabetical order. James Wilson then made a motion for electors for the purpose of choosing the president. If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority, then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates,[36] ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character. In Chiafalo v. Washington, 591 U.S. ___ (2020), and a related case, the Court held that electors must vote in accord with their state's laws. Federal office holders cannot be electors. As of 2020, eight states[e] name the electors on the ballot. Cette clause a conduit Dick Cheney initialement inscrit comme électeur au Texas comme George Bush à se réinscrire au Wyoming avant l'élection présidentielle de 2000. Of the current 538 electors, an absolute majority of 270 or more electoral votes is required to elect the president and vice president. Currently, the states and the District of Columbia hold a statewide or districtwide popular vote on Election Day in November to choose electors based upon how they have pledged to vote for president and vice president, with some state laws against faithless electors. [149][150] Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election,[140][151][152] and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840: Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Illinois, Maine, Missouri, and New York. Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting, deliberating with the most complete information available in a system that over time, tended to bring about a good administration of the laws passed by Congress. [172][better source needed] In addition, it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states (three reliably Republican states, four swing states, and four reliably Democratic states), not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself.[173]. Les parties pertinentes de chaque certificat sont lues pour chaque État, dans l'ordre alphabétique. Les électeurs choisissaient des bulletins pour chacune des personnes candidates comme grand électeur. [146], Unlike simple congressional district comparisons, the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56% of the Electoral College versus the 68% he did win; it "would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won [53%]". [141] A similar method was used in New York in 1828: the two at large electors were elected by the electors selected in districts. [224], Since January 3, 2019, joint resolutions have been made proposing constitutional amendments that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the president and vice president. Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work, Alexander Hamilton wrote, "A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations [decisions regarding the selection of a president]." Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen, but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office, either elected or appointed, from being an elector. The electors sometimes choose a secretary, often not himself an elector, to take the minutes of the meeting. Un membre du bureau de l'actuel vice-président des États-Unis (agissant ainsi dans son rôle de président du Sénat) recueille les certificats au fil de leur arrivée et les place par ordre alphabétique dans deux boîtes en acajou spécialement dédiées. Thus, a president may be elected who did not win the national popular vote,[6] as occurred in 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016. D’où la signature d’un National Popular Vote Interstate Compact en 2006 mais qui n’a été approuvé pour le moment que par 12 États sur 50 (mars 2019). Le Maine et le Nebraska choisissent eux un électeur dans chaque district congressionnel sur la base du vote populaire local, puis sélectionnent les deux derniers électeurs à partir des votes sur l'ensemble de l'État. Presidential Elections 1789–1996. On March 22, 1977, President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of abolishing the Electoral College. [180], U.S. territories are not entitled to electors in presidential elections. [30], The Convention approved the Committee's Electoral College proposal, with minor modifications, on September 6, 1787. Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections, and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator. Supporters argue that it is a fundamental component of American federalism by preserving the Constitutional role of the states in presidential elections. [192], In practice, the winner-take-all manner of allocating a state's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties. [118] However, the United States Supreme Court has consistently ruled that state restrictions are allowed under the Constitution. Au début du XXe siècle, la méthode de désignation la plus commune était le « ticket général ». "Representation of the Antebellum South in the House of Representatives: Measuring the Impact of the Three-Fifths Clause" in David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds., Party, Process and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002), Stanford University Press, Brian D. Humes, et al. Normally this would mean two candidates, one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote. Le collège électoral ne se réunit jamais comme un organisme unique. [78] This, however, was a clear plurality of a popular vote divided among four main candidates. Note: the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December. As with congressional districts, moreover, this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering. When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824, the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors. [61] Currently, Maine (since 1972) and Nebraska (since 1996) use the district plan, with two at-large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote. For instance, recounts occur only on a state-by-state basis, not nationwide. They intended that this would take place district by district. Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session. The seats that the South gained from such "slave bonus" were quite evenly distributed between the parties. Neither of these situations has ever occurred. Dans Le Fédéraliste, James Madison expliquait que la constitution avait été conçue comme un mélange de gouvernement fédéral — basé sur les États — et national — basé sur la population. In spite of Hamilton's perspective, several methods for selecting electors are described below. [210] Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11, 1969[211] and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18, 1969, by a vote of 339 to 70. Le fait s'est produit à 158 reprises dans l'histoire des États-Unis. [155] In January 2010, a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner-take-all system;[156] the bill died in committee in March 2011. En outre, les délégations d'au moins deux tiers de tous les États doivent être présentes pour que le vote puisse avoir lieu. Le Collège électoral est constitué de 538 membres. Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors voted for president. [222] Vingt-quatre États possèdent des lois qui répriment les électeurs infidèles ; certains, comme le Michigan, ont même le pouvoir d'annuler leur vote. If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes, then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president. [157] Republicans had passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to do the same, vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson. And both Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 and the Twelfth Amendment that replaced it specifies that "the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted. [87] As of 2020[update], Maine and Nebraska are exceptions as both use the congressional district method; Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996. [204] However, results in a single state where the popular vote is very close—such as Florida in 2000—can decide the national election. Although faithless electors have never changed the outcome of a state popular vote, or the national total, that scenario was further weakened by the 2020 court case. The Virginia Plan called for Congress to elect the president. En 1787, à la convention de Philadelphie, le texte servant de base aux discussions, le plan de Virginie, préconisait l'élection de l'exécutif par le législatif. [230], Institution that officially elects both the President and Vice President of the United States, Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, and media, Three-fifths clause and the role of slavery, Contingent presidential election by House, Contingent vice presidential election by Senate, Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner lost the popular vote, Comparison of contingent election winners and popular vote, Discouragement of turnout and participation, Obscuring disenfranchisement within states, Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories, Maintenance of the nation's federal character, Criticality of the preference of minority groups in close states, Encouragement of stability through the two-party system, Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies, This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the, These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the. "The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted.". If no candidate achieves an absolute majorit… The electors of each state meet in their respective state capitals on the first Monday after the second Wednesday of December to cast their votes. 135–36, The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the, The number of electors allocated to each state is based on. According to this view, if elections were by popular vote, then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally. Some state legislatures simply chose electors, while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote. The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6. République par le collège électoral, composé des membres [...] du Parlement et des assemblées provinciales en exercice. Les autres territoires des États-Unis (Porto Rico, Guam, etc.) REHOBOTH BEACH/WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Le président américain, Donald Trump, a déclaré jeudi qu'il quitterait la Maison blanche si le collège électoral américain votait pour le président élu démocrate, Joe Biden.Bien qu'il semble ainsi concéder la défaite, Donald Trump a réitéré ses accusations de fraude, restées sans preuve jusqu'à présent. [79] In 1824, Andrew Jackson, a slaveholder from Tennessee, was similarly defeated by John Quincy Adams, a strong critic of slavery.[79]. Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs, such as the Banzhaf power index (BPI) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters' relative power. Une telle situation a plus de chances de se produire quand plus de deux candidats reçoivent des suffrages de grands électeurs, mais peut également se produire si deux candidats reçoivent chacun 269 voix. The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution:[41]. De façon similaire, en 1912, les républicains choisirent le président sortant, William Howard Taft, et son vice-président James Sherman ; Sherman mourut peu avant l'élection, trop tard pour qu'il soit possible de changer les noms sur les bulletins. [134] South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election.[136]. [37], Although the United States Constitution refers to "Electors" and "electors", neither the phrase "Electoral College" nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively. La Caroline du Sud la perpétua jusqu'à sa sécession, en décembre 1860. [38], Initially, state legislatures chose the electors in many of the states. Les sénateurs votent de façon ordinaire : chaque sénateur apporte une voix, les délégations d'État n'entrant pas en jeu. ", In 1887, Congress passed the Electoral Count Act, now codified in Title 3, Chapter 1 of the United States Code, establishing specific procedures for the counting of the electoral votes. Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents, caused instead by the winner-takes-all method of allocating each state's slate of electors. [230][231] Those joining the compact will, acting together if and when reflecting a majority of electors (at least 270), pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote. [165][166][167], The elections of 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote. Les grands électeurs sont déterminés suivant des lois définies par chaque État. As a result of this restriction, roughly four million Americans in Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Guam, do not have a vote in presidential elections. Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president. [19][20][21] The additional three electors come from the Twenty-third Amendment, ratified in 1961, providing that the district established pursuant to Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 as the seat of the federal government (namely, Washington, D.C.) is entitled to the same number of electors as the least populous state. States select 535 of the electors, this number matches the aggregate total of their congressional delegations. Les délégués d'une majorité d'États étaient d'accord avec ce mode d'élection. This Historic Election Process Decides The Winner", "RL30804: The Electoral College: An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals, L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale, January 16, 2001", "Election evolves into 'perfect' electoral storm", "Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives Based on the 2010 Census", "2010 Census: State Population and the Distribution of Electoral Votes and Representatives", "Our Electoral College system is weird – and not in a good way", "Legislative Action?, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, November 30, 2000", "Republicans in Virginia, other states seeking electoral college changes", "Pennsylvania looks to alter state's electoral vote system", "Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors", "Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election", "Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System", "Bill targets Neb. [10], According to this criticism, the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so-called swing states while ignoring the rest of the country. Under the Electoral College, it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected. However, appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences: bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate. The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic, the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism. Le candidat démocrate Joe Biden a remporté l’élection présidentielle du 3 novembre avec 306 grands électeurs contre 232 pour Donald Trump. See maps and real-time presidential election results for the 2020 US election. Alabama through Missouri (including the District of Columbia) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box. In 2013, the Virginia proposal was tabled. (In that election, Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having plurality of the popular vote and the number of electoral votes representing them,[134] but six state legislatures chose electors that overturned that result.) Election expert, William C. Kimberling, reflected on the original intent as follows: "The function of the College of Electors in choosing the president can be likened to that in the Roman Catholic Church of the College of Cardinals selecting the Pope. The vice president and the speaker of the House sit at the podium, with the vice president in the seat of the speaker of the House. These certificates are opened during a joint session of Congress, held in the first week of January, and read aloud by the incumbent vice president, acting in his capacity as President of the Senate. Then Consider the Duke", "When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers", "The Electoral College: Bulwark Against Fraud", The National Popular Vote (NPV) Initiative: Direct Election of the President by Interstate Compact, "Senate Unit Asks Popular Election of the President", "Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting", "Rep. Steve Cohen introduces constitutional amendment to abolish Electoral College", "Why Democrats Want to Abolish the Electoral College—and Republicans Want to Keep It", "Text – H.J.Res. Généralement, la paire de candidats qui obtient le plus de voix au niveau national obtient le soutien du plus grand nombre de grands électeurs, mais la mécanique électorale ne le garantit pas forcément. 1788) presidential election lacked votes and electors for unratified Rhode Island (3) and North Carolina (7) and for New York (8) which reported too late; the Northern majority was 38 to 35. As stated in the ruling, electors are acting as a functionary of the state, not the federal government. [14][17] Should a majority of votes not be cast for a candidate, a contingent election takes place: the House holds a presidential election session, where one vote is cast by each of the fifty states; the Senate is responsible for electing the vice president, with each senator having one vote. Some scholars have suggested that Article I, Section 10, Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable;[232] thus, any attempted implementation of the compact without congressional consent could face court challenges to its constitutionality. The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out, except in those swing states. [88] In most states, the popular vote ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates (who run on a ticket). States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country. Quasiment tous les États utilisent la méthode du winner-takes-all (« le vainqueur prend tout ») qui attribue en bloc l'intégralité de leurs grands électeurs au candidat ayant reçu la majorité des suffrages. In the earliest presidential elections, state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors. Néanmoins, cette limite ne change rien, car la population du district de Columbia ne lui permet de toute façon pas de prétendre à plus de trois grands électeurs. [14] The results are sent to and counted by the Congress, where they are tabulated in the first week of January before a joint meeting of the Senate and the House of Representatives, presided over by the current vice president, as president of the Senate. Depends on Where You Live", "The Electoral College Is Hated by Many. Each state appoints electors according to its legislature, equal in number to its congressional delegation but federal office holders cannot be electors. The original idea was for the most knowledgeable and informed individuals from each State to select the president based solely on merit and without regard to State of origin or political party."[45]. Conversely, the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found, even in safe states they are already expected to win, and in safe states they have no hope of winning. The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government, both legislative and executive.[81]. For example, if a particular state blocks some groups from voting, perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests, poll taxes, registration requirements, or legally disfranchising specific minority groups, then voting inside that state would be reduced, but as the state's electoral count would be the same, disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally. Although procedures in each state vary slightly, the electors generally follow a similar series of steps, and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow. Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections, so this was seen an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes. that the Electoral College is not a cause of the two-party system, and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third-party candidates in some situations. [86] If there is a tie, or if no candidate for either or both offices receives an absolute majority, then choice falls to Congress in a procedure known as a contingent election. [140] Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008, giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts, while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president, every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president, despite Jefferson clearly being his party's first choice. In 48 of the 50 states, state laws mandate the winner of the plurality of its statewide popular vote shall receive all of that state's electors;[14] in Maine and Nebraska, two electors are assigned in this manner, while the remaining electors are allocated based on the plurality of votes in each of their congressional districts. La méthode fut également envisagée en 2000 : si le recompte des bulletins s'était poursuivi, la législature de Floride était prête à nommer la liste des grands électeurs républicains plutôt que de ne pas respecter la date limite fédérale pour le choix de ceux-ci. The appropriateness of the Electoral College system is a matter of ongoing debate. Si le vainqueur de l'élection vice-présidentielle n'est pas connu à ce moment, le speaker de la Chambre des représentants agit comme président jusqu'à l'élection d'un président ou d'un vice-président. Au vu du résultat serré de l'élection et du nombre important de grands électeurs au Texas, cela aurait pu conduire à l'élection d'un vice-président démocrate. A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes (currently 270) to win the presidency or the vice presidency. SUBSCRIBE NOW $1 for 3 months. [64] For the next two decades the three-fifths clause led to electors of free-soil Northern states numbering 8% and 11% more than Southern states. Comment ajouter mes sources ? 39, Madison argued that the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state-based and population-based government. "[75] Pennsylvania split eight to seven for Jefferson, favoring Jefferson with a majority of 53% in a state with 0.1% slave population. D'ailleurs, en 1824, lorsque Andrew Jackson accusa John Quincy Adams et Henry Clay de corruption parce qu'il n'avait pas remporté la présidence en dépit d'avoir la majorité du vote populaire et des grands électeurs, un quart des États (6 sur 24) n'avait tenu aucune élection au suffrage universel. The choice would be made decisively with a "full and fair expression of the public will" but also maintaining "as little opportunity as possible to tumult and disorder". Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens. Congressional Quarterly, Inc. 1997, Brian D. Humes, Elaine K. Swift, Richard M. Valley, Kenneth Finegold, and Evelyn C. Fink, "Representation of the Antebellum South in the House of Representatives: Measuring the Impact of the Three-Fifths Clause" in David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds., Party, Process and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002), Stanford University Press.

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